Pdf earth crust of nickel oxide ores is divided in three layers or zones depending on depth. Making ferronickel from laterite nickel ore by coalbased. Over the last 60 years magmatic sulfide nickel deposits produced 60% of the worlds nickel. Phase equilibria in the metalsulfuroxygen system and.
In this study, general knowledge of laterites and nickel production were introduced. E smith brazilian nickel ltd, uk and alyssum ventures ltd, isle of man and o. On the bases of analysis of the properties of the ore, patterns of phase transitions during heated in inert and reducing atmosphere were identified. Also the nonideal behaviors of other species were not taken into account. Practicallyoriented short courses presented by alan taylor. Thermodynamic of selective reduction of laterite ore by reducing. Nickel is silverywhite, hard, malleable, and ductile metal. Most values are those given in the nbs technical notes reference 1 after conversion from the units used within those notes. From an aqueoussolution equilibrium thermodynamic point of view, the present study examines the conditions that favor the precipitation of a particular garnierite phase and the mechanism of nienrichment, and gives an explanation to the temporal and spatial succession of different garnierite minerals in nilaterite deposits. The solubility of goethite with structurally incorporated. Thermodynamic properties tp thermodynamic properties. Nickel laterite ores are used in industrial production of. Tohru kawai, young moo lee, kenji nakajima, katsuo ehara. Nickel laterite part 2 thermodynamic analysis of phase.
Hebble page images at hathitrust 400 practical applications for monel, nickel and inconel under corrosive conditions. Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes a high polish. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the platinum group elements pge, rare earth elements. Both cobalt co and nickel ni substitute for fe in goethite. Research on selective reduction of laterite nickel ore by co2.
Topics include treatment of nickel laterites, copper ore leaching, uranium ore processing, copper sxew, heap leaching and solvent extraction. Regarding the tests performed in air, a processing time greater than 10 minutes was found to be detrimental to the nickel recovery due to oxidation of the sample. This table gives the standard state chemical thermodynamic properties of about 2400 individual substances in the crystalline, l iquid, and gaseous states. In the last 10 years, the production of nickel from magmatic sulfide deposits has slowly decreased and begun to plateau. They are growing to become the most important source of nickel metal for world demand currently second to sulfide nickel ore deposits.
Properties of pure substances, usually covered at the very beginning of thermodynamic courses, and potentials or general relations, usually covered at the very end of thermodynamic courses. Systems do not contain work, but can perform work, and likewise, in formal thermodynamics, systems do not contain heat, but can transfer heat. Mechanism of sodium chloride in promoting reduction of high. The thermodynamic properties of high temperature aqueous. Thermodynamic analysis of the carbothermic reduction. Advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection.
Thermodynamic properties tp thermodynamic properties define and articulate some of the critical language and concepts of thermodynamics distinguish between the universe, system, surroundings, and boundary ch 1. Even though certain patterns are followed by many companies, the nature of the raw materials dictates how process parameters will vary from smelter to smelter. Carrying nickel ore the worlds most dangerous cargo. There are two main types of nickel laterite deposit. Substances are listed by molecular formula in a modified hill order. The purpose of the caldag nickel heap leach trial was to prove and demonstrate the leachability of caldag nickel laterites using atmospheric heap leaching process ahl with sulphuric acid. The reduction behavior of mineral sulfides, such as those of nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper, is illustrated by referring to both the sulfide and alloy phase equilibria. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis on reduction of lateritic nickel ore by co2h2 mixed gas was performed based on activity theory. The applications that these lead to are also explained. Beauvais, anicet, ruffet, gilles, henocque, olivier, and colin.
Nickel is extracted from the ore by a variety of process routes. Armstrong provides intelligent system solutions that improve utility performance, lower energy consumption, and reduce environmental emissions while providing an enjoyable experience. Finally, the nickel grades and recovery results were compared to those available in the literature. However, based on their thermodynamic calculations, the authors concluded that 99% of the iron and 100% of the nickel could be recovered at about 1100.
Technical note a thermodynamic approach for the sulphuric. Pyrometallurgical upgrading of nickeliferous laterites. Effect of nickel content on delta solvus temperature and. Co and nirich goethite are the dominant ore mineral in oxidetype laterite deposits. Hence, it is used in propeller shaft in boats and desalination plants. Sulfur is one of the most harmful elements in crude ferronickel obtained via the rkef process and adversely affects the mechanical properties of the final product. Activity coefficient of iron in nife binary solid alloy was calculated by miedema model based. In its familiar compounds nickel is bivalent, although it assumes other valences. Nickel ammonium sulfate, nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, and nickel nitrate usually exist as hexahydrates, while nickel acetate, nickel cyanide, and nickel sulfamate are in the form of a tetrahydrate. Jun 06, 2016 its a shame that the highly depressed nickel market led to the cancellation of meis october nickel and cobalt processing conference, as there are enormous challenges in the processing of nickel ores, particularly the laterites. Consequently, the majority of the nickel oxide wasreduced at the relatively low temperature of 400. Producing nickel and cobalt metal by high pressure acid leaching hpal of nickel laterites is becoming one of australias largest mineral processing industries. Using the compositions oftwo oflaterite samples received from inca ltd, a thermodynamic study was carried out using fact facility for the analysis of chemical thermodynamics, a thermodynamic software. Abstract this study presents the results obtained from a thermodynamic and kinetics study of nickel lateritic ore leaching in sulphuric acid solutions at high pressure conditions.
Thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria in the. Prediction of the thermodynamic properties of aqueous metal complexes to c and 5 kb. Monel alloys of nickel and copper, is a hard compound and can resist corrosion by seawater. The pyrometallurgical upgrading of nickeliferous laterites. Study of nickeliferrous laterite reduction macsphere mcmaster. Thermodynamic of selective reduction of laterite ore by reducing gases. Measuring thermodynamic properties of metals and alloys. Nickel wikipediaoverviewpropertiescompoundshistorycoinageworld productionnickel is a chemical element with the symbol ni and atomic number 28. Using the compositions of two of laterite samples received from inco ltd, a thermodynamic study was carried out using fact facility for the analysis of chemical thermodynamics, a thermodynamic software. The effects of process parameters such as temperature and reductant to ore ratio on the grade of the ferronickel alloy produced and the nickel recovery in the alloy have been studied.
It is a fairly good conductor of heat and electricity. Nickel uses, pictures, characteristics, properties. Nickel is a metal in high demand for industrial applications such as the production of stainless steel, nonferrous alloys, alloy steels, plating, foundry, and batteries due to its bene. Studied parameters included temperature, agitation, ferrous sulphate concentration, solids content, ammonia concentration and a comparison between ammonium sulphate and chloride. Nickelcobalt laterites usgs publications warehouse. Twostage reduction for the preparation of ferronickel alloy from. Thermal properties of highmagnesia oxidized nickel ore. Kinetics of high pressure leaching of nickel lateritic ore silcrete 1 stopic, s. Nickel laterites, which contain 60% of the worlds total landbased nickel resources, account for 40% of annual global nickel production on.
Thermodynamic properties a quantity which is either an attribute of an entire system or is a function of position which is continuous and does not vary rapidly over microscopic distances, except possibly for abrupt changes at boundaries between phases of the system. Oct 30, 2012 while the vast majority of the worlds nickel is produced using pyrometallurgical techniques, the equipment and processes employed in such production encompass a variety of technologies. Physical properties of rocks are used to identify the type of rocks and to discover more about them. T tanaka, n a gokcen, z i morita, t iidathermodynamic relationship between enthalpy of mixing and excess. Pdf thermodynamic and phase transformation analyses of nickel laterite ores processed in industry have been.
Processing nickel laterite ore without pyrometallurgy 16 replies nickel pig iron npi is usually made with lower grade limonite ores while ferronickel typically 8 to 12% ni is made with higher grade nickel laterite ores, often saprolites lower iron content or in the case of limonites by lowering the iron recovery. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta 1997, 61 7, 591412. The vapour composition and the thermodynamic properties of nizr alloys in the liquid and solid states were studied by knudsencell mass spectrometry over wide ranges of temperature 9711896 k and composition 099. Properties of commercially pure nickel are provided. Pdf thermodynamic analysis of the reduction process of. Pdf nickel laterite processing technologies where to next. Information regarding the chemical identity of nickel is located in table 41. Nickel laterites, which contain 60% of the worlds total landbased nickel resources, account for 40% of annual global nickel production on the basis of literature reported 3. The effect of sulfur in rotary kiln fuels on nickel laterite. These properties include heat capacity, enthalpy, enthalpy of transition and melting, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of vaporization. Chemical thermodynamics of nickel, volume 6 1st edition.
Nickel occurs in nature principally as sulphides and laterites oxides and silicates. The calculation result shows that the metallization of fe and ni could be promoted by each other because of the variation of the fe and ni activity. Research on selective reduction of laterite nickel ore by. Thermodynamic properties of nickel phosphides springerlink. Keywords nickel laterite, mineralogy, dehydration, reduction. A quantitative understanding of the aqueous solubility of ni and corich goethite would help in modelling the formation of laterites and developing. Understanding ferronickel smelting from laterites through. Nickel processing 15 falmouth, united kingdom 14 may 2015. The thermodynamic predictions are shown to be in general agreement with the experimental results currently available in the literature. Countercurrent leaching of lowgrade laterites with. The energy consumption per tonne of product is therefore high and requires sustained research and design development in an effort.
Nickel laterites are a very important type of nickel ore deposit. Informally, however, a difference in the energy of a system that occurs solely. This table gives a few thermodynamic data for nickel. Pdf nickel laterite part 2 thermodynamic analysis of phase. Physical properties of some common rock types associated with nickelcobalt. Effects of co 2 h 2 ratio and temperature on selective reduction of laterite ore were investigated. The accessible temperature range was enhanced by chemically generating volatile. Pure nickel was extracted by axel cronstedt from the ore niccolite nickel arsenide, nias in 1751. Thermodynamics of the reduction roasting of nickeliferous. The recommended values for heat capacity cover the temperature range from 1 to 3200 k. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of nickel content on delta solvus temperature using experimental heats and. Purchase chemical thermodynamics of nickel, volume 6 1st edition. Nickel is hard, ductile, malleable, and ferromagnetic.
However, the background chemical information for this process, including the fundamental physicochemical properties of acidic metal sulphate leachate solutions, is not well known. Nickel utilization is increasing at a rate of about 4% per year 1. The calculation result shows that the metallization of fe and ni could be promoted by each other because of. Advances in research on nickel production through the caron. Jul 04, 2016 the mechanism of sodium chloride in promoting reduction of highmagnesium lownickel oxide ore in the absence of moisture is investigated. Properties of saturated steam armstrong international. It treats feed that is very low grade with respect to the target metal and, as a result, produces much more waste slag than valuable metal product. There are various physical properties of laterite like hardness, grain size, fracture, streak, porosity, luster, strength etc which defines it. In our view, it is better to deal at the same time with the functional structure of thermodynamic which functions are. Effects of co2h2 ratio and temperature on selective reduction of laterite ore were investigated. Nickel can be found naturally in lateritic ores which are formed by weathering of ultrama. Nickel nickel is silvery white hard, malleable, and ductile metal it is of the iron group and it takes on a high polish it is a fairly good conductor of heat and electricity in its familiar compounds nickel is bivalent, although it assumes other valences.
Tests were performed in a batch cell with temperatures between 20 and. Reduction process of lowgrade nickel laterite agglomerates using. Abstractthe smelting of nickel laterite ores to ferronickel alloy is unique in extractive metallurgy. The oxide components of the feed to the ef are mainly nio, feo, sio 2 and mgo and the reductant is carbon. In particular, the solution thermodynamic properties of the metallic phase equilibria are featured for determining the.
Mechanism of sodium chloride in promoting reduction of. Physicochemical properties of nickel and cobalt sulphate. This work introduces a thermodynamic approach for the sulphuric acid pressure leaching of nickeliferous laterites. Introduction nickel metal is primarily employed in high nickel alloys and superalloys. Although nickel laterites make up 70% of the worlds nickel reserves, few of them become producing mines. It was found that the coalthermal reduction of nickel and iron from oxides begins at temperatures above 800 c, and from serpentines begins at temperatures above 1250 c.
Nickel processing, preparation of the metal for use in various products although it is best known for its use in coinage, nickel ni has become much more important for its many industrial applications, which owe their importance to a unique combination of properties nickel has a relatively high. Australian laterites is a new approach, and as such the. Work and heat are not thermodynamic properties, but rather process quantities. Oxley brazilian nickel ltd, uk, alyssum ventures ltd, isle of man and natural history museum, uk, m. Nickel processing, preparation of the metal for use in various products. Nickel laterites are generally mined via open cut mining methods.
Theeffectof mineralogy, sulphur, and reducing gases on. Secondly, a thermodynamic model is developed to simulate the. After drying at 650 c, the moisture within hl oxide ore is completely removed and the specific surface area decreases from 74. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis on reduction of lateritic nickel ore by co 2 h 2 mixed gas was performed based on activity theory. Kinetics of high pressure leaching of nickel lateritic ore. Advances in research on nickel production through the. Although it is best known for its use in coinage, nickel ni has become much more important for its many industrial applications, which owe their importance to a unique combination of properties. The characteristics of a ni laterite, including grade, tonnage and. The principal source of primary nickel metal at present is sulphides. Reduction of limonitic laterites by ferrous sulphate in. Chemical thermodynamics of nickel, nuclear energy agency data bank, organisation for econo mic cooperation and deve lopment, ed. Abstractthermodynamic and phase transformation analyses of nickel laterite ores processed in industry have been carried out the nickel in the laterite ores is principally associated with fe rich goethite and serpentine particles the thermodynamic analysis suggests that the nickel recovery from the fe rich matrix is limited by equilibrium.
Rotary kiln electric furnace rkef process is the most commonly used pyrometallurgical technique for processing nickel laterite ores and is mainly suited for saprolite deposits. It is of the iron group and it takes on a high polish. Factors affecting the upgrading of a nickeliferous limonitic. Secondly, a thermodynamic model is developed to simulate the roasting process and to aid in the selection of process parameters to maximize the nickel recovery and grade and also to minimize the magnetite content of the concentrate. Factors affecting the upgrading of a nickeliferous.
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